This study illustrates the results of an LCA analysis comparing the potential environmental impacts of various photovoltaic technologies based on monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si). Specifically, a ground-mounted photovoltaic system is analyzed considering three different high-efficiency technological alternatives: (1) HJT bifacial modules (Heterojunction Technology), (2) PERC modules (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell), and (3) IBC modules (Interdigitated Back Contact). The study, conducted in accordance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards and IEA-PVPS guidelines, focuses on a hypothetical 85 MW plant with two possible configurations: i) modules installed on single-axis trackers; ii) modules with fixed tilt. The aim is to compare different system configurations to identify the most effective one, if it exists.

To assess the influence of solar radiation on the LCA study results, two alternative installation sites are considered, one in northern and one in southern Italy. The results show that the greenhouse gas emissions of a photovoltaic system based on high-efficiency technologies range from 10.5 to 18.0 g CO2eq/kWh, significantly lower compared to those of conventional technology (Al-BSF). Regarding the system configuration, installing modules on single-axis trackers generates lower environmental impacts than the fixed tilt solution across all impact categories analyzed. The increased energy production achieved by positioning modules on single-axis solar trackers results in environmental benefits that outweigh the negatives associated with tracker production. The study clearly demonstrates that using photovoltaic modules based on high-efficiency technologies leads to reduced environmental impacts. The LCA study is based on primary data regarding the production of cells, modules, inverters, and trackers.